- British professor Angus Dalgleish – best known for creating the world’s first ‘HIV vaccine’, and Norwegian virologist Dr. Birger Sørensen – chair of pharmaceutical company, Immunor, who has published 31 peer-reviewed papers and holds several patents.
- While analyzing virus samples last year, the pair discovered “unique fingerprints” in the form of “six inserts” created through gain-of-function research at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China.
- The study concluded ‘SARS-Coronavirus-2 has no credible natural ancestor’ and that it is ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ that the virus was created through ‘laboratory manipulation’
- COVID's Smoking Gun - the Furin Cleavage Site.
- SARS-CoV-2 was optimized to infect humans from day one.
- The Lab Leak.
- Lab Made Origins.
Virologists Say Genetic “Fingerprints” Prove CV Man-Made, ‘No Credible Natural Ancestor’
Virologists Say Genetic “Fingerprints” Prove COVID-19 Man-Made, ‘No Credible Natural Ancestor’
TYLER DURDEN
Two notable virologists claim to have found “unique fingerprints” on COVID-19 samples that only could have arisen from laboratory manipulation, according to an explosive 22-page paper obtained by the Daily Mail.
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British professor Angus Dalgleish – best known for creating the world’s first ‘HIV vaccine’, and Norwegian virologist Dr. Birger Sørensen – chair of pharmaceutical company, Immunor, who has published 31 peer-reviewed papers and holds several patents, wrote that while analyzing virus samples last year, the pair discovered “unique fingerprints” in the form of “six inserts” created through gain-of-function research at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China.
They also conclude that “SARS-Coronavirus-2 has “no credible natural ancestor” and that it is “beyond reasonable doubt” that the virus was created via “laboratory manipulation.”
A ‘GenBank’ table included in the paper lists various coronavirus strains, with the dates they were collected and then when they were submitted to the gene bank, showing a delay of several years for some (Daily Mail)
Last year, Sørensen told Norwegian broadcaster NRK that COVID-19 has properties which have ‘never been detected in nature,’ and that the United States has ‘collaborated for many years on coronavirus research through “gain of function” studies with China.
The paper detailing their months-long “forensic analysis,” which looked back at experiments done at the Wuhan Institute of Virology between 2002 and 2019, is set to be published in the scientific journal Quarterly Review of Biophysics Discovery.
More via the Mail:
Digging through archives of journals and databases, Dalgleish and Sørensen pieced together how Chinese scientists, some working in concert with American universities, allegedly built the tools to create the coronavirus.
Much of the work was centered around controversial ‘Gain of Function‘ research – temporarily outlawed in the US under the Obama administration.
Gain of Function involves tweaking naturally occurring viruses to make them more infectious, so that they can replicate in human cells in a lab, allowing the virus’s potential effect on humans to be studied and better understood.
Dalgleish and Sørensen claim that scientists working on Gain of Function projects took a natural coronavirus ‘backbone’ found in Chinese cave bats and spliced onto it a new ‘spike’, turning it into the deadly and highly transmissible SARS-Cov-2.
One tell-tale sign of alleged manipulation the two men highlighted was a row of four amino acids they found on the SARS-Cov-2 spike.
In an exclusive interview with DailyMail.com, Sørensen said the amino acids all have a positive charge, which cause the virus to tightly cling to the negatively charged parts of human cells like a magnet, and so become more infectious.
But because, like magnets, the positively charged amino acids repel each other, it is rare to find even three in a row in naturally occurring organisms, while four in a row is ‘extremely unlikely,’ the scientist said.
‘The laws of physics mean that you cannot have four positively charged amino acids in a row. The only way you can get this is if you artificially manufacture it,’ Dalgleish told DailyMail.com.
Their new paper says these features of SARS-Cov-2 are ‘unique fingerprints’ which are ‘indicative of purposive manipulation‘, and that ‘the likelihood of it being the result of natural processes is very small.’
‘A natural virus pandemic would be expected to mutate gradually and become more infectious but less pathogenic which is what many expected with the COVID-19 pandemic but which does not appear to have happened,’ the scientists wrote.
‘The implication of our historical reconstruction, we posit now beyond reasonable doubt, of the purposively manipulated chimeric virus SARS-CoV-2 makes it imperative to reconsider what types of Gain of Function experiments it is morally acceptable to undertake.
When Sørensen and Dalgleish floated their findings last year, it was ‘debunked’ with the thinnest of logic – however former MI6 chief Sir Richard Dearlove pointed to the pair’s findings as an “important” development which could prove that the pandemic may have originated at the WIV.
Sørensen and Dalgleish aren’t the first scientists to find unusual features within COVID-19. Last June, the Daily Telegraph reported that there are two unique features to COVID-19:
First, the virus binds more strongly to human ACE2 enzymes than any other species, including bats.
Second, SARS-CoV-2 has a “furin cleavage site” missing in its closes bat-coronavirus relative, RaTG-13, which makes it significantly more infectious – a finding we reported in late February.
According to Israeli geneticist, Dr. Ronen Shemesh, the Furin site is the most unusual finding.
“I believe that the most important issue about the differences between ALL coronavirus types is the insertion of a Furin protease cleavage site at the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2,” he said. “
Such an insertion is very rare in evolution, the addition of such 4 Amino acids alone in the course of only 20 years is very unlikely.”
“There are many reasons to believe that the COVID-19 generating SARS-CoV-2 was generated in a lab. Most probably by methods of genetic engineering,” he said, adding “I believe that this is the only way an insertion like the FURIN protease cleavage site could have been introduced directly at the right place and become effective.”
Dr Shemesh, who has a PhD in Genetics and Molecular Biology from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and over 21 years of experience in the field of drug discovery and development, said it is even “more unlikely” that this insertion happened in exactly the right place of the cleavage site of the spike protein – which is where it would need to occur to make the virus more infectious. –Daily Telegraph
“What makes it even more suspicious is that fact that this insertion not only occurred on the right place and in the right time, but also turned the cleavage site from an Serine protease cleavage site to a FURIN cleavage site,” he added.
In January 2020, a team of Indian scientists wrote in a now-retracted paper that the coronavirus may have been genetically engineered to incorporate parts of the HIV genome, writing “This uncanny similarity of novel inserts in the 2019- nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag is unlikely to be fortuitous in nature,” meaning – it was unlikely to have occurred naturally.
The next month, a team of researchers in Nankai University noted that COVID-19 has an ‘HIV-like mutation’ that allows it to quickly enter the human body by binding with a receptor called ACE2 on a cell membrane.
Other highly contagious viruses, including HIV and Ebola, target an enzyme called furin, which works as a protein activator in the human body. Many proteins are inactive or dormant when they are produced and have to be “cut” at specific points to activate their various functions.
When looking at the genome sequence of the new coronavirus, Professor Ruan Jishou and his team at Nankai University in Tianjin found a section of mutated genes that did not exist in Sars, but were similar to those found in HIV and Ebola. –SCMP
According to the Nankai University study, the furin binding method is “100 to 1,000 times as efficient’ as SARS at entering cells.
“This protein cleaving protein is highly promiscuous, it’s found in many human tissues and cell types and is involved in many OTHER virus types activation and infection mechanisms (it is involved in HIV, Herpes, Ebola and Dengue virus mechanisms),” said Dr. Shemesh. “If I was trying to engineer a virus strain with a higher affinity and infective potential to humans, I would do exactly that: I would add a Furin Cleavage site directly at the original less effective and more cell specific cleavage site.”
Meanwhile, Flinders University Professor Nikolai Petrovsky found last year either “a remarkable coincidence or a sign of human intervention” within COVID-19 telling the Telegraph that COVID-19 is “exquisitely adapted to humans.”
“We really don’t know where this virus came from – that’s the truth. The two possibilities is that it was a chance transmission of a virus…the other possibility is that it was an accidental release of the virus from a laboratory,” he said, adding “One of the possibilities is that an animal host was infected by two coronaviruses at the same time and COVID-19. The same process can happen in a petri-dish.”
“In other words COVID-19 could have been created from that recombination event in an animal host or it could have occurred in a cell-culture experiment. I’m certainly very much in favour of a scientific investigation. Its only objective should be to get to the bottom of how did this pandemic happen and how do we prevent a future pandemic.”
Keep in mind – reporting any of this last year was punishable by social media banishment, demonetiziation, and hit-piece articles from propagandists peddling CCP talking points.
https://www.thelibertybeacon.com/virologists-say-genetic-fingerprints-prove-cv-man-made-no-credible-natural-ancestor/
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(TLB) published this article from ZeroHedge as written and compiled by Tyler Durden
Header featured image (edited) credit: The paper’s authors, Norwegian scientist Dr. Birger Sørensen (left) and British Professor Angus Dalgleish (right) via the Daily Mail
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COVID's Smoking Gun - the Furin Cleavage Site
by André Leu | May 19, 2021Organic Consumers Association
Story at-a-glance
• SARS-CoV-2 is laboratory creation that leaked out of the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV)
• It is the only virus in its clade with a furin cleavage site (FCS)
• This FCS has 2 human-preferred codons and was inserted in the spike
• No other coronavirus has a FCS composed of two human-preferred R codons at the perfect place on the spike to infect human cells
• Despite over a year of searching, nothing close to this type of inserted FCS has been found in a wild coronavirus
• The human-preferred R codon is often used in labs for the genetic modification of viruses in Gain-of-Function experimentation.
• WIV has been actively genetically modifying coronaviruses via Gain-of-Function, so that they infect human ACE2 receptors, over many years
• WIV scientist did the coronavirus Gain-of-Function experiments in a low security BSL-2 laboratory, not in the high security BSL-4 laboratory
• US diplomats reported that WIV has very poor safety standards and was an accident waiting to happen
• The global pandemic started in Wuhan
Introduction
After almost 18 months since COVID-19 first came to international attention, and caused a global pandemic, no animal source of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been found despite an enormous search effort. Every proposed source such as the Wuhan Seafood Market, Pangolins, Bats, Snakes and processed food imported into China has been thoroughly discredited.
There is zero credible evidence for the theory that SARS-CoV-2 arose naturally in wild animals, however there is huge body of compelling evidence that points to a lab release. The massive coverup that was orchestrated by the Chinese Government, the WHO and the Wuhan Institute of Virology, in part funded by Anthony Fauci’s NIAID who channeled hundreds of thousands of dollars through Peter Daszak’s EcoHealth Alliance is starting to fall apart. This is due to investigations by researchers, virologists, journalists and especially the members of DRASTIC, an international group of virologists who have been unraveling the deception and lies.
There is very convincing evidence for a smoking gun that points to SARS-CoV-2 being the product of Gain-of-Function genetic engineering that has escaped from the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV).
The spike found on the top of coronaviruses is the part of the virus that attaches to cells to infect them. The spike of SARS-CoV-2 has a very special feature, a segment of 4 amino acids called a furin cleavage site (FCS). This allows the spike to attach to the ACE2 receptors found throughout the human body.
The FCS allows the virus to use furin in the ACE2 receptors as an enzyme to dissolve (cleave) its coating so it can release its genetic material to infect cells.
This 4 amino acid sequence furin cleavage site is missing from all the coronaviruses in Betacoronavirus b lineage, the section of viruses that SARS-CoV-2 belongs too. It has been inserted in precisely the best place in the spike to give it the ability to become highly infectious. This is the S1/S2 section of the spike protein diagram below. When it is cleaved (split) at this point, it can release its genetic material to infect the cell via the ACE2 receptor.
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Images Courtesy of Segreto et al. Should we discount the laboratory origin of COVID‐19?
The diagram above shows numerous letters that are part of the genetic code of the spike proteins of coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 is the top virus, followed by its closest known relative RaTG13 and other related viruses in its clade, the Betacoronavirus b lineage. SARS-CoV-2 has a section of four letters, PRRA, that make up the FCS, that are missing from the other viruses. This gap in the code of the other viruses clearly shows that the section of genetic code that makes the FCS has been inserted into SARS-CoV-2.
It is highly improbable that this FCS has evolved naturally given that there is no sign of it evolving in any of SARS-CoV-2’s relatives in its clade. Viruses are sequenced, analyzed and grouped into clades. The viruses in the same clade are seen as having evolved (mutated) from the same ancestor.
Each of the letters (PRRA) in the genetic code of the FCS are called codons. Each codon makes an amino acid. The codon for P makes the amino acid called proline, R makes arginine and A makes alanine. PRRA stands for proline, arginine, arginine and alanine.
There are 20 codons for 20 amino acids, however the important codon for the FCS is R. R makes arginine and this is the amino acid that works with furin to enable SARS-CoV-2 to infect cells using the ACE2 receptor.
The SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site has an insertion with 2 R codons, making it double strength, thus optimizing its ability to infect ACE2 receptors. This is very rare in nature.
The Smoking Gun
The smoking gun is the make-up of nucleotides in the R codons of the SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site. Each codon is composed of 3 nucleotides. There are four nucleotides that are written as A,G,C and U.
A combination of 3 nucleotides makes the specific amino acid in the codon. The R codon in the SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site is made up of CGG. R codons can also have other combinations of nucleotides to make arginine. These are CGU, CGC, CGA, AGA and AGG.
Image courtesy of Bernd Kaina: Origin of SARS-CoV-2 (Review)
The preferred nucleotide make-up of R codons varies for different species. Human cells prefer R codons that use CGG, CGT and CGC. The human-preferred CGG combination found in the SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site is the least preferred combination for coronaviruses’s R codon. It is very rare in coronaviruses and yet the SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site has 2 of them.
The questions are:
1. How did SARS-CoV-2 becomes the only virus in its clade to get an FCS?
2. How did the FCS get 2 R codons?
3. How did SARS-CoV-2 get R codons that are preferred by human cells and are the least preferred coronavirus R codons?
4. How did the FCS get inserted at the perfect spot on the spike?
These questions are important considering that the FCS with the human-preferred R codons were inserted. No other coronavirus has an FCS composed of two human-preferred R codons at the perfect place on the spike to infect human cells.
Nothing close to this combination of an inserted FCS with two codons composed of CGG has been found in a wild coronavirus. The human-preferred R codon of CGG is often used in labs for the genetic modification of viruses in Gain-of-Function experimentation. Using two human R codons to make a very strong FCS is the obvious choice when optimizing a virus to infect people. This is clear evidence that SARS-CoV-2 was made in a laboratory by people and it is not a natural coronavirus. The Smoking Gun.
SARS-CoV-2 was optimized to infect humans from day one
Dr Alina Chan and colleagues noted: “Our observations suggest that by the time SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in late 2019, it was already pre-adapted to human transmission to an extent similar to late epidemic SARS-CoV. However, no precursors or branches of evolution stemming from a less human-adapted SARS-CoV-2-like virus have been detected.”
A group of scientists led by Professor Nikolai Petrovsky used a computer model to test the way the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein bound with the receptors of the cells of many species. They were discovered that the spike protein bound more strongly with the human ACE2 receptor than any other species. They wrote: “Notably, this approach surprisingly revealed that the binding energy between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2 was highest for humans out of all species tested, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is uniquely evolved to bind and infect cells expressing human ACE2. This finding is particularly surprising as, typically, a virus would be expected to have highest affinity for the receptor in its original host species, e.g. bat, with a lower initial binding affinity for the receptor of any new host, e.g. humans. However, in this case, the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 is higher for humans than for the putative original host species, bats, or for any potential intermediary host species.“
This is strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 was made in a laboratory by optimizing it to infect human ACE2 receptors and that it is not a product of natural evolution.
Lab Made Origins
Gain-of-Function scientists have been genetically modifying coronaviruses since 2001 and leaving no evidence of the GM signatures.
The first ever fully genetically engineered, synthetic coronavirus was created by Ralph Baric and his team. They assembled a full length mouse coronavirus in 2001 and removed all the inserts that showed that it had been genetically engineered. Baric called this new method ‘No See’m Technology’. Consequently, coronaviruses and other microorganisms are being genetically engineered without any traces.
In 2003, Baric and his team published another paper showing how they assembled a strain of SARS-CoV-1, the virus that caused the SARS epidemic in 2002-3. This fully laboratory made virus was put together like a series of Lego blocks. Once the segments were joined all the genetic engineering signatures were removed by using seamless joining.
Baric and his team published a paper in 2008 where they used genetic engineering to create a synthetic bat coronavirus. They inserted a section of the spike of SARS-CoV-1 so that it could infect humans.
The researchers used the same seamless joining technique that they used in 2003 to assemble SARS-CoV-1. This clearly shows Gain-of-Function genetic engineering is used to make new coronaviruses with a spike that infects humans that cannot be detected as genetically engineered.
Seamless joining has become so common now that it is routinely used in laboratories. Researchers can buy the tools to do it over the internet. An example of a kit sold online:
“GeneArt® Seamless Cloning is a simple, two step process, consisting of a tube based assembly reaction followed by transformation into One Shot® Chemically Competent TOP10 E. coli. The kit uses the properties of a proprietary enzymatic mix to assemble DNA fragments with shared terminal end homology without leaving any extra sequences or scars behind (seamless).”
The concern here is that this technology is so widely available that anybody with a good knowledge of university biochemistry can cook up a new disease organism in their kitchen and there would be no tell tale signs that it was genetically modified. This unregulated technology will result in more disasters. It needs to be banned.
WIV Gain-of-Function experimentation with coronaviruses
Shi Zheng Li from the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) worked with Ralph Baric’s team in 2015 genetically modifying SARS-CoV-1 to create a dangerous synthetic virus. The researchers took the genetic codes for part of the spike from a virus that Shi had isolated from bats found in Yunnan in 2011, and inserted them into SARS-CoV-1.
In 2016 Shi and her team at the WIV in conjunction with Peter Daszak’s EcoHealth Alliance constructed a full-length clone of a bat coronavirus called SL-CoV WIV1. They assembled it in discrete segments. They used the pGEM®-T Easy Vector Systems to join the segments to genetically engineer the virus. This system, available on the internet, gives researchers several options to remove GM signatures of a lab made virus. The online pitch states: “Thus, several options exist to remove the desired insert DNA with a single restriction digestion.”
This shows that researchers at the WIV have the ability to genetically engineer new viruses and remove the evidence of the genetic engineering.
Shi Zheng Li and Peter Daszak of the EcoHealth Alliance, published a paper in 2017 on how they genetically modified the spikes of eight bat coronaviruses, essentially by cutting and pasting genetic material from other coronaviruses, so that the viruses infected the human ACE2 receptor.
This is the same receptor that SARS-CoV-2 infects to cause COVID-19. They used the pGEM®-T Easy Vector Systems to join the segments to genetically engineer these viruses. Very significantly they showed how they can insert new spikes into viruses.
Shi and Daszak et al. stated: “Then any spike could be substituted into the genome of SARSr-CoV WIV1 through this strategy.”
These published papers clearly show that scientists at WIV have been actively genetically modifying multiple coronaviruses to insert new spikes that can infect human ACE2 receptors, and these new viruses cannot be detected as genetically engineered.
This clearly shows that Gain-of-Function scientists at WIV have the ability to assemble SARS-CoV-2 from bat coronaviruses, modify the spike protein, insert the FCS into the precise region of the spike and leave no evidence of genetic engineering.
However they did leave evidence - 2 human-preferred R codons were inserted into the FCS of SARS-CoV-2. This is the least preferred coronavirus R codon. This R codon of CGG is often used in labs for Gain-of-Function experiments. It is obvious that WIV scientists used 2 human-preferred R codons to construct the PRRA furin cleavage site that has been inserted into the spike and optimized to infect human ACE2 receptors. This is the Smoking Gun.
The Lab Leak
Lab escapes are common events and well documented around the world including China. The original SARS virus (SARS-CoV-1) escaped several times from laboratories in China, infecting people.
Gain-of-Function experiments on coronaviruses at WIV were done in the low security BSL-2 laboratory rather than the highest security BSL-4 laboratory. The 2016 paper where Shi and her colleagues constructed a full-length clone of a bat coronavirus states it was done at Level 2 laboratory. The 2017 paper, authored by Shi and Daszak, where they cut and pasted new spikes onto 8 bat coronavirus was done at the same Level 2 laboratory. Shi’s paper publish in May 14, 2020, where they worked on the spike genes of multiple coronavirus was done at the Level 2 laboratory.
Josh Rogin wrote in Politico on March 3 about the poor safety standards at WIV. “When they sat down with the scientists at the WIV, the American diplomats were shocked by what they heard. The Chinese researchers told them they didn’t have enough properly trained technicians to safely operate their BSL-4 lab. The Wuhan scientists were asking for more support to get the lab up to top standards.” The diplomats reported back to Washington DC that WIV was an accident waiting to happen.
Given the information about the inadequate level of biosecurity at high level BSL-4 lab at WIV, the escape of a coronavirus from the less secure BSL-2 laboratory is a very plausible scenario.
The outbreak that caused the COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan.
Conclusion
The evidence that SARS-CoV-2 was constructed in a laboratory through Gain-of-Function is overwhelming.
•SARS-CoV-2 is the only virus in its clade with a furin cleavage site
•This FCS has 2 R codons optimizing its binding strength to the ACE2 receptor
•The R codons are preferred by human cells
•They are very rare in coronaviruses as they are the least preferred type of R codon
•This type of R codon, composed of CGG nucleotides, is often used for Gain-of-Function experiments in laboratories
•The FCS was inserted at the perfect spot on the spike
No other coronavirus has this combination of two human-preferred R codons in an FCS inserted into perfect spot on the spike to infect human ACE2 receptors. There is no coronavirus even close to this combination that exists in the wild. This is clear evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is not natural. It was optimized to infect human ACE2 receptors using genetic-engineering in a laboratory in a Gain-of-Function experiment.
The evidence that SARS-CoV-2 leaked from WIV is strong. The COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan and spread to infect the whole world from there. No amount propaganda that it started from wildlife elsewhere or from imported food can alter this fact.
•WIV has been actively genetically modifying coronaviruses via Gain-of-Function so that they infect human ACE2 receptors for many years
•As SARS-CoV-2 is a lab engineered virus, it could have only been released from a laboratory in Wuhan as Wuhan is the source of the COVID-19 pandemic
•WIV scientists did the Gain-of-Function experiments in a low security BSL-2 laboratory, not in the high security BSL-4 laboratory
•US diplomats reported that WIV has very poor safety standards and was an accident waiting to happen
The diplomats were right and the accident happened. We are all paying for it.
Covering up this lab release is the real crime. The people who have done this are responsible for mass murder, millions of seriously ill people, destroyed incomes and damaging poverty. This should be seen as a massive crime against humanity. The Chinese Government, the WHO, Anthony Fauci’s NIAID who channeled hundreds of thousands of dollars through Peter Daszak’s EcoHealth Alliance to fund these dangerous experiments at WIV, the scientists at WIV and many other virologists have all been involved in spreading misinformation and actively discrediting the efforts to reveal the truth. The Chinese government has been jailing people who try reveal what happened and don’t comply with their orchestrated propaganda program.
The truth about the escape should be been made public in the very beginning so that this dangerous virus could have been contained in Wuhan before it was allowed to travel around the world infecting millions of people. The coverup and misinformation allowed uncontrolled spread. The world is paying an awful price for this conspiracy to hide the truth. The truth is coming out now. Those responsible for this coverup need to be held accountable for their collusion that actively contributed to this global pandemic.
It is critically important to acknowledge that SARS-CoV-2 was made in a laboratory via Gain-of-Function, optimized to infect humans and that it leaked out. Unless the truth is accepted and actions are taken to stop this dangerous research, there will be more laboratory leaks. The next one could be deadlier and far worse. We need to stop this irresponsible and highly dangerous Gain-of-Function experimentation now, to ensure that we can prevent future disasters caused by irresponsible scientists making destructive Frankenstein’s monsters. Mary Shelly’s tale about Dr Frankenstein’s Monster was a prophetic warning - we to need to take this warning seriously if we are to survive.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following people for the research they published to reveal the truth: Yuri Deigin, Rosanna Segreto, The members of DRASTIC, USRTK, Nicholas Wade, Bernd Kaina, Josh Rogin, Alina Chan, Professor Nikolai Petrovsky, Jonathan Latham and Allison Wilson. History will thank you as heroes.
https://www.organicconsumers.org/blog/covids-smoking-gun-furin-cleavage-site
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Furin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FURIN gene. Some proteins are inactive when they are first synthesized, and must have sections removed in order to become active. Furin cleaves these sections and activates the proteins.[5][6][7][8] It was named furin because it was in the upstream region of an oncogene known as FES. The gene was known as FUR (FES Upstream Region) and therefore the protein was named furin. Furin is also known as PACE (Paired basic Amino acid Cleaving Enzyme). A member of family S8, furin is a subtilisin-like peptidase.
Function[edit]
The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that belongs to the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family. The members of this family are proprotein convertases that process latent precursor proteins into their biologically active products. This encoded protein is a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease that can efficiently cleave precursor proteins at their paired basic amino acid processing sites. Some of its substrates are: proparathyroid hormone, transforming growth factor beta 1 precursor, proalbumin, pro-beta-secretase, membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, beta subunit of pro-nerve growth factor and von Willebrand factor. A furin-like pro-protein convertase has been implicated in the processing of RGMc (also called hemojuvelin), a gene involved in a severe iron-overload disorder called juvenile hemochromatosis. Both the Ganz and Rotwein groups demonstrated that furin-like proprotein convertases (PPC) are responsible for conversion of 50 kDa HJV to a 40 kDa protein with a truncated COOH-terminus, at a conserved polybasic RNRR site. This suggests a potential mechanism to generate the soluble forms of HJV/hemojuvelin (s-hemojuvelin) found in the blood of rodents and humans.[9][10]
Furin is one of the proteases responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of HIV envelope polyprotein precursor gp160 to gp120 and gp41 prior to viral assembly.[11] This gene is thought to play a role in tumor progression. The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for this gene.[7]
Furin is enriched in the Golgi apparatus, where it functions to cleave other proteins into their mature/active forms.[12] Furin cleaves proteins just downstream of a basic amino acid target sequence (canonically, Arg-X-(Arg/Lys) -Arg'). In addition to processing cellular precursor proteins, furin is also utilized by a number of pathogens. For example, the envelope proteins of viruses such as HIV, influenza, dengue fever, several filoviruses including ebola and marburg virus, and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2,[13][14] must be cleaved by furin or furin-like proteases to become fully functional. Anthrax toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin, and papillomaviruses must be processed by furin during their initial entry into host cells. Inhibitors of furin are under consideration as therapeutic agents for treating anthrax infection.[15]
Furin is regulated by cholesterol and substrate presentation. When cholesterol is high, furin traffics to GM1 lipid rafts. When cholesterol is low, furin traffics to the disordered region.[16] This is speculated to contribute to cholesterol and age dependent priming of SARS-CoV.
The furin substrates and the locations of furin cleavage sites in protein sequences can be predicted by two bioinformatics methods: ProP[17] and PiTou.[18]
Expression of furin in T-cells is required for maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance.[19]
Interactions[edit]
Furin has been shown to interact with PACS1.[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furin
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